¢ best-known school of art, design and architecture of the 20th century
¢ Early modernism
¢ Art, Applied Art and Architecture
¢ Weimar – Dessau
¢ Dessau - Walter Gropius
¢ Lecture rooms, design rooms, workshops and necessary living quarters
Background
¢ Henry van der Velde - first director
¢ 1918 - Walter Gropius
¢ 1919 - Gropius director
Educational Intention
¢ ‘building house’
¢ Bring unity to the arts
¢ One-year preliminary course - taught the basic principles of design and colour theory
¢ 2nd year - workshops - materials, investigating wood, metal, weaving, ceramics and printing.
Characteristics & Aims
¢ new unity’
¢ Industrial production was biggest factor in modern design
¢ Laboratories – new design, mass production
¢ Two parallel courses of instruction:
- Course devoted to the study of materials and crafts
- Course dealing with the theories of form and design
Characteristics & Aims
¢ Experimentation in metals, glass, stone, wood, textiles and clay
¢ Impersonal, geometric and simplified line, colour and shapes
¢ Line and form were used economically
¢ ‘pure design’ (purist/purism)
¢ “Less is more”
¢ “Form Follows Function”
¢ Functionalism
Influences on Bauhaus
¢ Machine Aesthetic
¢ De Stijl – Piet Mondrian
Architects & Designers: Walter Gropius
¢ Director, Architect
¢ Needs of people. (function)
¢ He evolved the tall, slab-like apartment block with cross-ventilation and with gardens
¢ He united art with industrial production
¢ His architecture was not ornamented
¢ Functionalism was important to him
¢ He introduced mass-produced housing
¢ He believed that steel frames should rather be used than bricks.
Walter Gropius – Bauhaus School
¢ Three principle wings: the School of design, workshops, and a student’s hostel
¢ Bauhaus School had a cruciform floor plan and a flat roof
¢ The structures are linked by connecting bridges
¢ The student’s hostel was a six-storey building with twenty-eight studio / dormitory rooms.
¢ It is partly constructed of reinforced concrete
¢ The workshop wing - reinforced concrete floor slabs
¢ The floors cantilever out
¢ The glass walls meet at the corners
¢ Classrooms are white and black simplicity
¢ The workshop wing had uninterrupted spaces of interior
¢ The dormitory wing has square balconies
¢ Parallel squares are typical of mass-production
Herbert Bayer
¢ one of the first International graphic designers.
¢ a system of using lower-case letterforms
¢ Bayer devised a simplified banknote in which the figures could easily be adapted.
Bauhaus Font
¢ Devised a sans serif font
¢ A serif is the small, decorative 'crossing piece' at the ends or tips of lettering (a little leg).
¢ 'Sans serif' in French means 'without a serif’ (without a little leg).
¢ San serif - very simple and easily read whilst serif fonts tend to be more complex and formal.
Herbert Bayer
¢ Designed a typeface using straight lines, the circle and a 45° angle
¢ Universal – in the belief that a single-case, sans-serif alphabet would aid international communication
¢ Utopia – each letter is reduced to a half-circle or straight line.
Marcel Breuer
¢ furniture workshops - to produce tubular steel light-weight chairs and tables which were very convenient, easy to clean and economical.
¢ His first chairs were wooden chairs
¢ He was inspired, in part, by the curved tubular steel handlebars of his Adler bicycle.
¢ The cantilevered chair, resting on two front legs that extend backwards
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